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通信作者monarch:(左起)宋爱琳教授,欧江华教授,刘荫华教授
【引用本文】中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组. 中国男性乳腺癌临床诊治实践指南(2023版)[J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2023,43(2):139-143.
中国男性乳腺癌临床诊治实践指南(2023版)
中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组
中国实用外科杂志,2023,43(2):139-143
男性乳腺癌(male breast cancer,MBC)是一种罕见monarch的恶性肿瘤,文献报道其在新发乳腺癌中占<1%[1],中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组组织的一项多中心研究报告中国MBC约占总体乳腺癌群体的0.31%。鉴于其低发病率,针对MBC的随机对照研究很少,主要以小样本回顾性研究为主,目前MBC的诊治原则多从女性乳腺癌的相关研究中推断而来,但MBC与女性乳腺癌的生物学特性存在明显差异,为提高我国MBC诊疗流程的规范性和科学性,中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组组织国内部分乳腺外科专家在复习国内外文献的基础上,参照推荐分级评估、制定与评价标准(the grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)对MBC诊断与治疗相关临床问题进行证据质量评价,并结合中国乳腺外科临床实践的可及性,制定本指南, 以期为国内乳腺专科医师临床工作提供参考。
1 证据等级及推荐强度
1.1 证据等级标准 本指南证据等级参考 GRADE 系统,结合中国临床研究特点制定,将证据等级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 4类,量化体现指南编写专家对证据可靠性的评价情况。专家组优先选择Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类证据纳入指南评价体系(表1),并充分顾及本指南在中国临床实践的可及性。
1.2 推荐强度标准 本指南推荐强度结合GRADE系统及国内临床实践特点,纳入证据等级、卫生经济学、产品等效性、可及性4个影响因素,根据权重,采用赋分制,由指南编写专家对推荐意见逐一进行评分,根据评分结果将推荐强度分为monarch:A级(强推荐)、B级(弱推荐)、C级(不推荐)。见表2、表3。
2 推荐意见
2.1 定义及临床表现 MBC指特发于男性乳腺的原发癌[2] (证据等级:Ⅰmonarch;推荐强度:A)。MBC高发年龄在68~71岁[3],发病罕见,研究数量较少。中华医学会外科学分会乳腺外科学组组织的一项中国多中心研究数据显示MBC中位年龄为63(14~81)岁。相较于女性病人,MBC病人在确诊时常表现出更晚的临床分期,可能与男性病人缺乏针对性的筛查项目有关[3]。MBC多发生于乳头下方,表现为乳晕下无痛性肿块,可累及腋窝淋巴结(表4)。此外,疾病发展过程中,乳头通常较早受到影响,可表现为乳头溢液、乳头回缩等症状[4-5]。由于腺体组织少,就诊不及时,MBC病人可有胸部皮肤或胸肌粘连现象[6],少数病人也会有Paget病等皮肤变化[7]。病理学方面与女性乳腺癌相似,导管癌及其变异型是MBC最常见的组织学类型,其中浸润性导管癌最常见。但与女性不同的是,MBC最常见的分子分型是管腔型,常表现为人表皮生长因子受体 2 (HER-2)阴性,激素受体阳性[2,8]。
2.2 诊断方法 除临床表现和体格检查以外,参照女性乳腺癌诊断方法可以选择B超、X线以及乳腺动态增强MRI等影像学检查。专家组认为B超检查对乳腺和腋窝淋巴结评价具有优势[14-16]。男性乳房体积小,故乳房X线检查存在技术上的困难。此外,突出的胸大肌可能会掩盖可疑病变[14]。MRI对男性乳腺疾病诊断价值有限。文献报道,MRI可用于评估胸壁受累、术后残留病灶、新辅助化疗反应[17-18]。如存在可疑病变,组织病理学检查是术前诊断MBC的金标准。专家组强烈推荐在B超引导下空芯针穿刺活检,不推荐选择细针穿刺细胞学检查,由于男性乳腺腺体组织量不多,且病灶多位于乳晕下方,真空辅助乳腺活检需要由有经验的医生完成[19]。目前研究结果显示,BRCA1/2突变与MBC患病风险增加相关[20]。一项调查美国全国1939个家庭和97例MBC病人的大型研究数据显示,全年龄段BRCA1/2突变携带者的MBC累积风险均高于非携带者,其中BRCA2突变携带者的相对风险和累积风险更高。70岁男性 BRCA1 突变携带者MBC估计累积风险为 1.2%(95%CI 0.22%-2.8%),BRCA2 突变携带者为 6.8%(95% CI 3.2%-12%)[21]。故专家组建议MBC病人可考虑行BRCA基因检测(表5)。
2.3 治疗原则
2.3.1 手术治疗 具体手术治疗方式推荐意见见表6。
2.3.1.1 乳腺手术方式 MBC应遵循分类治疗原则,按照分期、分型制定治疗决策。对于MBC病人若无新辅助治疗指征,推荐手术治疗。乳房切除术、改良根治术为目前MBC常用的手术治疗方式[25]。此外,研究结果表明,T1N0期MBC病人保乳手术与乳房切除术的复发率与生存率相当[26]。Lin等[27]一项真实世界Meta分析结果显示,保乳手术相比乳房全切术,总生存差异无统计学意义(HR=1.19,95%CI 0.69-2.04)。但男性乳腺腺体较小,且肿瘤多位于乳头下方,是否可从保乳手术获益存在争议,R0手术原则仍是标准。
2.3.2 放疗 Meta分析结果显示,乳房切除术后辅助放疗可显著提高总体生存率(HR=0.67,95%CI 0.54-0.84)[27]。此外,多项研究结果显示,辅助放疗可改善局部控制和生存率,尤其对肿瘤较大且淋巴结阳性的病人[29-35]。专家组认为MBC病人术后辅助放疗应参照女性乳腺癌标准,推荐Ⅲ期MBC与淋巴结阳性MBC病人行乳房切除术后接受辅助放疗[27, 36] (证据等级:Ⅰmonarch;推荐强度:A)。
2.3.3 系统治疗 >90%的MBC病人激素受体阳性[37]。文献报道早期MBC使用他莫昔芬辅助治疗可改善总生存率,淋巴结阳性病人获益更加显著[27, 38]。目前,国际指南推荐完成5年他莫昔芬治疗,若耐受良好且仍有高复发风险的男性病人可以额外接受5年他莫昔芬治疗[36]。本指南专家组认同推荐他莫昔芬作为激素受体阳性MBC病人的首选用药(表7)。
一项Meta分析结果显示,芳香化酶抑制剂(aromatase inhibitor,AI)与促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)类似物联合使用可使病人临床获益率增加3倍以上[39],故专家组推荐适合辅助内分泌治疗但有他莫昔芬禁忌证的激素受体阳性MBC病人,可给予AI+GnRH激动剂(gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist,GnRH-a)(表7)。根据目前的数据显示,氟维司群可能是转移性MBC病人的有效治疗选择[40],美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)指南中推荐氟维司群作为晚期或转移性激素受体阳性、HER-2 阴性MBC的可用选择 (证据质量:低;推荐强度:强)[36],但尚缺乏大样本前瞻性研究支持。Monarch E研究入组36例MBC病人,最终结果显示在激素受体阳性、HER-2阴性、高危早期乳腺癌病人中,与内分泌治疗(endocrine therapy,ET)单药治疗相比,Abemaciclib可显著改善无侵袭性疾病生存(invasive disease-free survival,iDFS)[41]。P-REaliTY X研究入组25例MBC病人,结果显示周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6, CDK4/6)抑制剂在激素受体阳性、HER-2阴性转移性MBC治疗中安全有效[42]。由于缺乏大样本研究结果支持,专家组暂不推荐氟维司群、CDK4/6抑制剂作为MBC的常规治疗。
专家组不推荐男性乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)行内分泌治疗和(或)放疗[43]。
2.3.4 其他治疗 目前关于MBC的新辅助治疗研究较少且存在争议,适应证多参照女性乳腺癌。有文献报道新辅助化疗、靶向治疗可有部分缓解(PR)或完全缓解(CR)病例[46-53],期待更多的循证医学证据。
MBC术后辅助治疗及晚期解救方案选择主要参考女性乳腺癌[24, 54]。
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(2023-01-03收稿 2023-01-13修回)
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